How to Extract Lycopene Powder?

Lycopene (C40H56) is a carotenoid found in plant foods that has nutritional and coloring effects. It has the strongest quenching activity of singlet oxygen among known carotenoids, twice that of beta-carotene, 100 times that of vitamin E, and 1000 times that of vitamin C [1].

Lycopene is widely found in tea and the roots of radishes, carrots, turnips and kale, as well as in tomatoes, watermelons, papayas and pomegranates [2]. In ripe tomatoes, 80% to 90% of the pigment composition is lycopene [3]. Lycopene is a typical straight-chain hydrocarbon. Thanks to its special chemical structure (11 conjugated double bonds and 2 non-conjugated double bonds) [4], it has the potential to affect the auto-oxidation of fats. Its strong antioxidant properties and applications are also the main research areas in the study of the physiological functions of lycopene. It also contains a variety of beneficial ingredients such as vitamins, minerals and carbohydrates, and has been dubbed “plant gold” [1].

In the field of food processing, lycopene is used as a food additive to reduce the lipid oxidation rate in beef and its meat products and extend the shelf life. It is often used in the processing of products such as Frankfurt sausages, fresh sausages, fermented sausages, hamburgers and minced meat [5]. At the same time, epidemiological surveys have shown that the nutritional and health benefits of lycopene have been reported as appropriate supplementary treatments for diseases, such as those used to treat and improve obesity, diabetes, prostate cancer, cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome. LEH et al. [6] demonstrated that lycopene can help prevent and treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by reducing oxidative stress biomarkers and inducing antioxidant defense mechanisms.

Meanwhile, MIRAHMADI et al. [7] analyzed the anti-cancer mechanism of lycopene through cell culture experiments. Lycopene can reduce the expression of the anti-apoptotic molecule B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl 2) by activating the overexpression of TP 53 and Bax (BCL 2-associated X protein) proteins and mRNA, thereby increasing the apoptosis rate and anti-proliferative ability of cancer cells, and thus becoming a supplementary treatment for prostate cancer. In addition, lycopene can also be used as a feed additive in animal feeding, and it plays a positive role in oxidative stress-mediated livestock farming and meat quality improvement [8]. Overall, it is precisely because of its unique physiological functions and wide range of applications that it has become the “new favorite functional food of the 21st century.” It has been recognized as a class A nutrient by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO/WHO) and the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), and can be widely used in health foods, medicine, cosmetics and other fields [9]. The following will systematically summarize the extraction methods of lycopene and its typical physiological functions, laying a theoretical foundation for the industrial preparation and functional food development of lycopene.

1 Lycopene extraction

With the development of the economy and the improvement of people's material living standards, the nutrition and safety of food has gradually become a hot topic of active social concern. Therefore, consumers are very curious about and pursue foods with certain functional substances. Lycopene has become a hot topic of international discussion due to its unique functionality and has attracted the attention of experts from all over the world. At present, the main extraction methods of lycopene include organic solvent extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, etc. [10].

1.1 Organic solvent extraction

The lipophilic nature of lycopene is often exploited in industry, and lycopene is extracted from plant raw materials using an organic solvent extraction method. This method is simple to manipulate and highly practical, and has now become one of the mainstream methods for extracting lycopene in industry. Zhao Jianying et al. [11] explored the use of response surface optimization to analyze the effects of different solutions, liquid-to-material ratios, extraction temperatures, extraction times, and other factors on the extraction efficiency of lycopene from fresh cherry tomatoes. The results showed that when ethyl acetate was selected as the extraction medium, the extraction temperature was 45°C, the extraction time was 4 h, and the extraction pH was 6. In addition, POOJARY et al. [12] used a factorial design method to extract pure all-trans lycopene from tomato processing waste, and similar results were obtained. The optimal extraction medium was a mixture of hexane and acetone in a ratio of 1:3, and the extraction temperature was 20°C and the extraction time was 40 min. The recovery rate and purity of all-trans lycopene were as high as 94.7% and 98.3%b. However, this method is very likely to cause chemical solvent residues on the surface of the extract, and most of the extraction solvents selected are potentially harmful to the human body and the environment [13]. Therefore, KYRIAKOUDI et al. [14] optimized the extraction conditions of lycopene based on this method, using a hydrophobic natural deep eutectic solvent synthesized with different proportions of capric acid and lauric acid as the extraction medium. The lycopene recovery rate is comparable to that of the organic solvent (acetone). This method is non-toxic, environmentally friendly, and makes the most of raw materials. It is set to become industrialized.

1.2 Ultrasonic-assisted extraction

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction is widely used in the extraction of functional active substances, food processing and food preservation due to its high efficiency brought about by the cavitation effect, thermal effect and mechanical action [15]. Compared with traditional heating extraction, microwave extraction and supercritical extraction methods, ultrasonic-assisted extraction has the characteristics of short extraction time, low temperature and high extraction efficiency, and is more economical and adaptable. XU et al. [16] used ultrasonic-assisted extraction to extract all-trans lycopene from red grapefruit. compared with the traditional solvent extraction method, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method significantly shortens the extraction time (30 min) while increasing the extraction rate by 1.81 times. It is further explained that compared with the optimum temperature (40 °C) of the traditional extraction method, the optimum temperature (30 °C) of the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process is relatively low, which can also effectively limit the degradation of all-trans lycopene during the extraction process and increase the extraction rate [17].

On this basis, Li Changbao et al. [18] combined the characteristics of enzymatic hydrolysis technology, which promotes cell wall dissolution, with ultrasound-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis technology to investigate the effect of eutectic green solution extraction on the lycopene extraction rate from cherry tomatoes. The optimal extraction conditions were found to be a mixture of enzymes (cellulase and pectinase) at a dosage of 3.6%, a liquid-to-solid ratio of 1:40, At an extraction temperature of 54°C, the highest lycopene extraction yield of 410.94± 1.78 μg/g was obtained when the ultrasonic time was 22 min. This result is similar to that of Konwarh et al. [19]. Compared with single treatments (alone, Onozuka R-10 cellulase treatment and ultrasonic treatment), ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis can increase the yield of lycopene in tomato peels by 662%, 225% and 150% compared to the single treatments (alone, Onozuka R-10 cellulase treatment and ultrasonic treatment), and the method has a free radical scavenging rate of 38.2%. Therefore, ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis has the characteristics of mild extraction conditions and short extraction time, and has great development prospects and application potential in the field of efficient separation and purification of lycopene.

1.3 Supercritical fluid extraction

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technology mainly uses supercritical fluids (solvents) to separate the desired components (extracts) from complex food matrices. Commonly used extractants include CO2, ethylene, methanol, etc. Compared with traditional chemical solvent extraction methods, SFE technology has no chemical solvent consumption or residue, is less environmentally polluting, and also avoids decomposition and deterioration of the extract at high temperatures, maintaining the biological activity from being destroyed. It can be said that SFE extraction of bioactive substances is a “green” new technology that is in line with sustainable development [20, 21]. DHAKANE-LAD et al. [22] used grapefruit as the raw material, SC-CO 2 and rice bran oil as co-solvents, The optimal extraction process for lycopene was investigated by response surface analysis. The results showed that under the conditions of a pressure of 325 bar, a temperature of 64°C, and an extraction time of 143 min, the recovery rate of lycopene was nearly 70%, and the retention rate of γ-oryzanol was 97%.

Similar results were found in the experiment by Priyadarsani et al. [23] on lycopene extraction from ripe grapefruit peel. As the extraction pressure increased, the lycopene extraction rate increased significantly, indicating that pressure and time are closely related to the lycopene extraction rate. Under the optimal conditions of 305 bar, 70 °C, 35 g/min supercritical CO2 flow rate and 135 min extraction time, the lycopene extraction rate can be as high as 93%. In addition, compared with the single hexane extraction of oleoresin, the lycopene extraction rate is increased by 24% when supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) is used in synergy with hexane extraction, and the bioavailability is increased to 3.3 times [24]. Therefore, the use of SFE technology not only has the characteristics of short production cycle, low energy consumption, high efficiency, and no excessive solvent residue, but also has the potential to improve the activity of the extract. It is a new environmentally friendly lycopene extraction method with broad application prospects in large-scale industrial production [25].

2 Functional activity of lycopene

Lycopene powder, as a precursor substance capable of synthesizing carotene, has a unique long-chain molecular structure that gives it strong free radical scavenging ability and high antioxidant capacity. It also has a variety of biological functions, such as inhibiting tumor proliferation, preventing cardiovascular disease, enhancing the body's immunity and delaying aging [26]. Therefore, its good biological activity makes it show strong research value and broad application prospects in the fields of food, medicine, health products and so on.

2.1 Antioxidant activity

Human research into how to slow down aging has never stopped. The emergence of the “free radical aging theory” triggered a climax in human anti-aging theories. The free radical theory points out that the accumulation of free radicals is an important cause of human aging [27]. Lycopene is currently one of the few antioxidants in nature that have both health benefits and coloring effects. It has the effect of eliminating free radicals in the human body, preventing oxidation damage to DNA and proteins in the body, delaying cell aging, and delaying the aging process. WANG et al. [28] found through in vitro and in vivo experiments that lycopene improves oxidative stress in the kidney and alleviates renal cell apoptosis by activating the Nrf 2 antioxidant key factor nuclear transfer while inhibiting the expression of NF-κB signal factors and inhibiting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in renal tubular epithelial cells.

ZHAO et al. [29] showed that lycopene powder not only has the potential to improve neuronal damage in the human brain, but also plays a positive role in repairing synaptic dysfunction. This result is similar to that of HU [30], which showed that Blakeslea trispora powder ( a lycopene preparation) has the effect of improving the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, effectively reducing the level of free radicals in the body, indicating that Blakeslea trispora powder has the effect of protecting the body from oxidative stress damage and improving free radical-induced cell aging. It is precisely because of its super antioxidant activity that lycopene has the potential to become a natural antioxidant, and it has broad application prospects and development potential in delaying food oxidation and the development of functional foods.

Nitrite is currently an essential food additive in the production of fermented sausages, but it is also a strong carcinogen that poses potential health hazards [31]. Wang et al. [32] found that when lycopene was used to replace some of the nitrite in the production of fermented sausages, it not only significantly improved the color of the sausage, but also reduced the levels of volatile basic nitrogen and thiobarbituric acid in the sausage, effectively extending the shelf life of the fermented sausage and serving as both a color developer and preservative. Other studies have also shown that lycopene extract can effectively extend the shelf life and stability of linseed oil [33]. However, its high production cost and poor stability limit its application in the production of edible oil. In summary, lycopene has sustainable development and application value in both the pharmaceutical and food processing fields due to its strong antioxidant properties.

2.2 Anti-cancer effect

Tumors are a serious threat to human health, and are currently treated mainly with surgery and radiotherapy [34]. Experiments have shown that adding lycopene to the diet can inhibit the growth of cancer cells and reduce the occurrence of cancer complications [35]. Lycopene significantly inhibits tumor cell proliferation and enhances the body's immune system by protecting intercellular communication from damage or interruption [36]. Zhu Yuchen et al. [37] confirmed that lycopene inhibits the stemness of breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) and enhances sensitivity to chemotherapy by regulating the expression of key factors in the NF-κB signaling pathway and reducing the body's ROS level. At the same time, lycopene also has the potential to disrupt the formation of the cytoskeleton, selectively inhibit cell growth, regulate the expression of cell cycle proteins, and induce apoptosis [38]. Clinical anti-cancer experiments have demonstrated that lycopene in combination with ganoderma lucidum spore oil (LZFQ) inhibits the proliferation of various cancer cells. The mechanism of action is mainly manifested in the regulation of the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax), caspase-3 and Bcl-2, inducing apoptosis and inhibiting the growth of in vivo transplanted tumors, especially the inhibition effect on human non-small cell lung cancer cells is the best (IC 50= 0.49 mg/mL) [39]. Subsequently, the research of Sui Jingjing et al. [40] also further confirmed that lycopene ganoderma lucidum spore oil soft capsules are a potential therapeutic supplement that is non-toxic and harmless to the body and enhances the body's cellular immune capacity. This shows that lycopene has good prospects for development in cancer prevention and treatment, and can be widely used in health foods and medical drugs.

2.3 Other

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a collective term for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and have seriously threatened the health of middle-aged and elderly people [34]. Oxidative stress and a lack of antioxidants play a key role in the development and progression of CVD. Epidemiological studies have found that the Mediterranean countries have a lower mortality rate from CVD, which may be related to the intake of lycopene in the Mediterranean diet [41]. Tomatoes are one of the indispensable vegetables in the Mediterranean diet, providing humans with a large amount of lycopene and other bioactive substances.

Clinical studies have shown that in patients with coronary atherosclerosis, a daily supplement of 7 mg lycopene can effectively reduce the body's IgG content of Chlamydia pneumoniae, indicating that lycopene has significant anti-inflammatory properties and plays a positive role in the improvement and prevention of cardiovascular diseases [42]. In addition, metabolic syndrome (MS) is a pathological state of metabolic disorders that can induce the occurrence and development of various diseases, such as diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. TSITSIMPIKOU et al. [43] found in a clinical experiment that after about 60 days of continuous intake of tomato juice, patients with multiple sclerosis had significant reductions in tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels to 10.2% and 17.5%, respectively, and significant reductions in insulin resistance and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels of 32.9% and 33.1%, respectively (p < 0.001), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) levels increased by 7.6%. These indicators further confirm that lycopene has the effect of inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, improving vascular endothelial cell dysfunction and maintaining normal blood glucose levels. In summary, lycopene can improve cellular metabolic capacity by regulating the expression levels of metabolic factors in the body, thereby potentially improving immunity and regulating metabolic syndrome disorders and related complications.

3 Summary

This paper provides a systematic overview of the development and application of lycopene extraction processes and its physiological activity in the fields of food, medicine and health products. The optimal extraction methods and process parameters for extracting lycopene by organic solvent extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction and supercritical fluid extraction are introduced respectively. Furthermore, starting from the physiological activity of lycopene, the mechanism of action of its functional properties (such as antioxidant activity, anticancer effects and others) in vivo/in vitro is analyzed, and it is applied to the production and manufacturing of food, medicine and health products, so as to improve the potential of free radical-induced oxidative damage, inhibit the malignant proliferation of tumor cells, and regulate cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome disorders. However, the poor bioavailability of lycopene limits its application in the fields of biomedicine and functional food development. In the future, lycopene can be combined with various technologies such as encapsulation and carriers, such as microencapsulation, emulsion loading, and nanotechnology, to slow down its degradation in the body and improve its bioavailability and stability. This is undoubtedly a unique blueprint in food industry technology, and will surely open up new avenues for the development and application of lycopene's functional activity.

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