What Is the Benefit of Ginger Powder in Hindi?

Ginger is the fresh rhizome of ginger (Zingier officinale Roscoe.), family Zingiberaceae, and is a classic traditional Chinese medicine with the same source of food and medicine. China is a large producer and exporter of ginger. With the increase of technological added value in modern food industry, the deep-processed products of ginger are becoming more and more popular. In this paper, I review the composition, pharmacology and development of ginger, in order to provide a reference basis for the comprehensive utilization of ginger and the development of high-end products, so as to better serve the cause of human health and nutrition.

1. Research on the chemical composition and pharmacological effects of ginger

1.1 Research on chemical composition

The chemical composition of ginger is complex, and more than 100 kinds of chemical components have been studied by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), column chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and antigen-binding segmentation and mass spectrometry (FAB/GC), and so on, and more than 100 kinds of chemical components have been found. These chemical components generally include volatile oil, curcumin, diphenylheptane, and flavonoids.

1. 1. 1 Volatile oil

The volatile oil of ginger is an oily liquid that is insoluble in water, and it is mainly a terpene volatile chemical constituent extracted by water vapor distillation, supercritical CO2 fluid extraction, and cold-pressing, etc. The components of the volatile oils that have been detected include hydrocarbons, alcohols, enzymes, and aldehydes and ketones, etc., of which the monoterpenes and the oxidized monoterpenes are the most characteristic groups of compounds [1-4]. Wang et al [5] found that the volatile oils of dried ginger and ginger mainly contain α-gingerene.

Ginger essential oil is the product realization form of ginger volatile oil, which is extracted from ginger rhizome by vapor distillation method, and almost does not contain high-boiling point components, has a strong aromatic odor, and is mainly used for flavoring and flavoring of food and beverage. More than 100 components have been identified in ginger essential oil, of which the monoterpene component is considered to contribute most to the aroma of ginger[6] . Oxidized sesquiterpenes are less abundant but contribute significantly to the flavor profile of ginger. Since the yield and chemical composition of ginger oil varies considerably between extraction methods, different methods of ginger essential oil extraction can be used in practice for different applications[7] .

1. 1. 2 Gingerol

Gingerol is a spicy component of ginger, which is a mixture of various substances. Zhang J et al [8] isolated seven compounds from ginger extract (alcoholic extraction), which were mainly of the types of curcumin and paragallocatechin. Gingerols are the main active ingredients in ginger, including 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, 12-gingerol, methyl 6-gingerol and more than 10 other components; the molecular structure of different components is similar, all of them have β-hydroxy ketone structure. The content of 6-gingerol is the highest, and its biological activity is also the strongest, so 6-gingerol is often used as an objective indicator for evaluating the quality of ginger [9]. Modern pharmacological studies on gingerol have shown that it has antioxidant, inhibition of the production of prostaglandins (PGs), anti-coagulant, antiplatelet aggregation, anti-tumor, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory and other activities [10].

1. 1. 3 Diphenylheptane

Diphenylheptane is also a representative active ingredient group of ginger and is a polyphenol [11-14]. He Wenshan et al. [15] found that the polar isolated parts of ginger are the main antioxidant components; Yang Leixiang et al. [16] isolated diphenylheptanes from ginger rhizomes and systematically investigated their antioxidant activities, and the results of the study showed that the diphenylheptanes of ginger have obvious duality in antioxidant, with both specific antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effects. The results show that the diphenylheptane compounds of ginger have obvious duality in terms of antioxidant, specific antioxidant activity and obvious cytotoxic effect.

1. 1.4 Flavonoids

Flavonoids are biologically active compounds that exist in large quantities in plants, and a large number of experimental studies have found that most of the flavonoids have a variety of pharmacological activities, such as inhibiting oxygenation damage, resisting free radicals, inhibiting pathogenic microorganisms, and slowing down the aging process. Ginger is rich in flavonoids, such as 5-hydroxy, 7-hydroxy dihydroflavonoids [17], and more flavonoid extraction methods have been applied to the extraction of flavonoids from ginger, such as hot water extraction, organic solvent extraction, alkaline extraction, macroporous resin adsorption, enzyme extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and so on.

1.2 Research on pharmacological effects

1.2.1 Promoting digestion

Some scholars have found that when ginger is used as an edible spice, it can significantly increase the secretion of saliva and enhance the activity of amylase; curcumin can significantly increase the activity of digestive enzymes in the small intestine of mice, especially polysaccharide and oligosaccharide cleavage enzyme activity has a significant enhancement, thus promoting digestive function, and in addition, ginger has a protective effect on the stimulation of the gastric mucosa and chemical damage [18].

1.2.2 Improvement of blood circulation

Experimental studies have shown that the ethanol extract of ginger can significantly improve the quality of blood lipids and reduce atherosclerotic changes in rabbits [19]. Ginger alcohol extract also significantly inhibited platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate and delayed blood coagulation [20]. Ginger extract is a promising inhibitor of atherosclerosis because it can prevent lipoprotein from leaching into the arterial wall, improve vascular structure, regulate cholesterol conversion, promote the transporter function of high-density lipoprotein, and promote the function of gallbladder excretion of cholesterol [21].

1.2.3 Relief of vestibular stimulation symptoms

Vestibular stimulation can cause motion sickness, manifested as nausea, vomiting, generalized discomfort, such as seasickness and motion sickness. Ginger powder has been found to prevent motion sickness, delay gastrointestinal reactions, and improve subjective sensations [22]; Jiang Zhengrin et al. [23] found that ginger and scopolamine have similar anti-motion sickness effects, and their effects are stronger. In addition, ginger has the effect of stopping vomiting, which can alleviate the vomiting symptoms of tumor patients after chemotherapy, and the effect of chewing fresh ginger slices with western medicines in the treatment of vomiting is very good, and this method also has the effect of relieving dry mouth and preventing mouth ulcers, and it is simple, easy to implement, safe and reliable [24].

1.2.4 Anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects

Zeng Gaofeng et al. concluded that ginger extract could reduce the expression of NF-κB and 1L-1 β in the brain of AD rats at a high dose, which means that ginger extract could reduce the inflammatory response at a high dose. Zhang Yunling et al. studied the inhibition of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) by ginger extract. The study showed that 6-gingerol had a strong effect on Hp in vitro, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1.00 mg/mL, and the minimum inhibitory concentration of the standard 6-gingerol was 0.02 mg/mL. The reason may be that 6-gingerol interacts with the enzymes required for Hp growth, and the growth of Hp is inhibited[25,26] . In addition, it can be used as an antiseptic and antibacterial agent and in food preservation. Among the aldehydes of the volatile oil of ginger, perilla aldehyde, nerolidol, and scent aldehyde have strong antifungal activity [27]; Guan Hongquan et al. [28] demonstrated that 10% of ginger has a certain degree of antimicrobial effect on the airborne stray bacteria.

1.2.5 Antitumor and antioxidant activities

Zhang Lin et al. [29] concluded that the antitumor effect of ginger alcohol extract can be used as a therapeutic agent for lung adenocarcinoma, and the mechanism may be related to its antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects. The scientific research on the antioxidant effect of ginger only started in the 20th century, when Hirosue et al. found that ginger had strong antioxidant effects in the 1970s. Wang Qiao et al [30] studied the scavenging and inhibitory effects of ginger petroleum ether extract on four different oxygen radicals by using four oxygen radical generating systems, and showed that ginger petroleum ether extract had very significant inhibitory and scavenging effects on four different oxygen radicals, and it is a kind of highly efficient antioxidant. Ginger has free radical scavenging activity.

Cao Zhaofeng et al. showed that the phenolic hydroxyls in ginger had significant scavenging effects on the oxygen radicals generated by the hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase system and the hydroxyl radicals generated by the ultraviolet irradiation system by using chemiluminescence and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. Its antioxidant activity was found to be stronger than that of tocopherols[31] , and the antioxidant activities of curcuminoids and diphenylheptanes isolated from ginger extract were stronger than those of tocopherols[32] . Studies have shown that ginger phenolic hydroxyls have significant scavenging effects on both oxygen and hydroxyl radicals, and ginger petroleum ether extract has significant protective effects on oxygen radical and hydrogen peroxide induced erythrocyte damage[33] , suggesting that ginger is a wide range of highly effective scavengers of oxygen radicals.

Studies have shown that ginger extract (ginger oleoresin) exhibits strong antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, brewer's yeast, and Penicillium chrysogenum, with a wide pH range of activity[34] . Among the monoterpene aldehydes of ginger volatile oil, vanillin, nerolidol and zinc aldehyde have strong antifungal activity[27]; ginger has a certain degree of antimicrobial activity against common contaminating fungi, such as Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Aspergillus branchiomycetes[31].

In addition, the aqueous extract of ginger has immune-enhancing, stomachic and anti-gastric ulcer, choleretic and hepatoprotective, cardiac effects [31].

2 Applied research

In traditional medicine, there are countless prescriptions and proprietary Chinese medicines containing ginger, which are mainly used for treating cold and flu, wheezing, coughing, vomiting, phlegm and so on; modern medicine has proved that ginger has the effects of antivagulant, cardiotonic, anti-inflammatory and so on, and it has significant therapeutic effects on the prevention and treatment of multi-system diseases and it has been used as an antioxidant, preservative and in the field of food products in large quantities [35].

2.1 Antioxidant and antimicrobial agent

Ginger powder has strong antioxidant effects and is commonly used in the preservation of meat food, while curcumin in ginger oleoresin has a strong antioxidant effect due to the presence of the genistein group structure in the molecules of its components. In addition, curcumin is also commonly used in fish oil, lard, palm oil and soybean oil for antioxidant preservation.

2.2 Cosmetics

Ginger essential oil has a strong aroma, slightly lemony, with the fragrance of flowers, pungent and strong; it also has a certain physiological activity and skin nutritional value, and can be used as a cosmetic fragrance. The attribution of its aroma components and aroma types is important for its development in the cosmetic field [36]. Therefore, the application of ginger essential oil products in the cosmetic industry is very promising.

2.3 External use of ginger

Ginger's warming and dispersing properties are the basis for its wide range of topical applications in the treatment or adjuvant therapy of certain diseases. In digestive system diseases, ginger was used in combination with acupressure to prevent gastrointestinal adverse reactions after chemotherapy, with an overall effective rate of more than 93% [37]. The combination of hot ginger umbilical cord compresses and abdominal massage can significantly promote the recovery of gastrointestinal function after abdominal surgery [38], and ginger moxibustion was used to treat ulcerative colitis with spleen and kidney yang deficiency, with an efficiency of more than 90% [39]. In addition, the use of salt and ginger moxibustion at the Shenque point has been shown to be effective in treating urinary retention in hemorrhoidal surgery and stress incontinence and urge incontinence in elderly women [40, 41].

Ginger is also a good adjuvant therapy for neurological disorders [42], and ginger sliced thinly and applied to the Neiguan and Shenque points has a significant therapeutic effect on nausea and vomiting caused by motion sickness. The use of ginger moxibustion to treat sciatica, fresh ginger juice with acupressure to treat facial nerve paralysis, and ginger moxibustion to treat lateral femoral dermatomyelitis have shown the good therapeutic effect of ginger [43, 44].

Ginger is often used externally for the treatment of rheumatic diseases, ginger can chase the wind-dampness paralysis, hair all meridian cold. In the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis, ginger moxibustion has been used to treat active rheumatoid arthritis, and the therapeutic effect of ginger moxibustion has been confirmed, and it can improve the signs of the patients significantly[45, 46] . Ginger moxibustion with massage for proliferative lumbar spondylitis and ginger moxibustion for osteoarthritis of the knee joints can relieve patients' pain and improve their quality of life. In addition, ginger has been shown to be effective in the treatment of certain skin diseases, such as pemphigus, frostbite and herpes zoster[47-49] .

2.4 Toothpaste

Ginger extract contains gingerols, flavonoids, alcohols, alkenes, a variety of vitamins and trace elements, etc. The addition of 0.5%-2% ginger extract to toothpaste has obvious anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hemostatic and other effects, and the aroma is pure and does not affect the taste of toothpaste [50].

2.5 Ginger foods

2.5.1 Ginger drink

Using ginger as the main raw material, ginger extract is combined with traditional health ingredients such as jujube, tangerine peel, honey, etc., to develop ginger-flavored functional beverages with the effects of driving away wind-cold, strengthening the spleen and stomach, and replenishing blood and benefiting qi[51] . Ginger is pungent, hot, warms the middle and dispels cold, restores yang and channels, disperses cold, stops vomiting and refreshes the mind, promotes euphoria, and strengthens the stomach and detoxifies the toxin. Current research has shown that ginger can reduce the level of cholesterol in animal blood, and can have a certain antimicrobial effect (especially on Salmonella) and inhibit cancer cells. Using brown sugar and ginger as the main raw materials to make brown sugar ginger drink can integrate the nutritional functions of brown sugar and ginger, and it is convenient to drink, so there is a certain market demand [52].

2.5.2 Ginger jelly

Jelly is made of jelly glue, sweeteners, flavors and other modulation of leisure food, by the majority of consumers' preferences and favor, in the jelly to add ginger juice as a special formula components, can enhance the unique flavor and nutritional value of jelly, reflecting the health function of ginger, so that the consumer groups to further expand the product, enriching the variety of jellies and market demand, but also for the comprehensive development of ginger to provide a new breakthrough and ideas [53]. It also provides a new breakthrough and idea for the comprehensive development of ginger [53].

In recent years, with the exploration of the nutritional value and health value of ginger, the research on ginger has become more and more in-depth and made great progress. Ginger has the characteristics of medicine and food, and is highly valued and welcomed at home and abroad, so there is a great space for the development of ginger products, which has a broad prospect for development and application, and is worthy of in-depth development and utilization.

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