What Is the Benefit of Ginger in Urdu?

Ginger in urdu is the fresh rhizome of Zingiber officinale Rosc., family Zingiberaceae, which is both a food and a traditional Chinese medicine widely used in clinical practice. It has the effects of dispersing cold and relieving the symptoms, warming the middle and stopping vomiting, restoring the yang and clearing the veins, and drying dampness and eliminating phlegm［1］. At present, a series of studies on the chemical composition, pharmacological effects and clinical application of ginger have made great progress, and the pharmacological effects of ginger and its active ingredients in the past ten years are summarized as follows.

1 Anti-allergic effect

Gastric gavage of 0.2ml-kg-1 of ginger oil on guinea pigs sensitized to ovalbumin [2], it was confirmed that ginger oil could obviously inhibit allergic bronchospasm of guinea pigs; it could inhibit allergic contraction of guinea pig ileum caused by ovalbumin; it could also inhibit ileal contraction of guinea pigs caused by histamine and acetylcholine, and the degree of inhibition increased with the increase of the dosage, so it suggests that ginger oil has an anti-allergic effect; moreover, ginger oil and its active ingredients have the following effects. In addition, the experimental results of guinea pig tracheal spiral strip and lung perfusion confirmed [3], 1mL ginger juice has the effect of contraction of guinea pig trachea, bronchial smooth muscle, and is not antagonized by the M-R blocker atropine, α-R blocker phentolamine, but easy to be antagonized by the β-R agonist isoproterenol and phosphodiesterase inhibitor aminophylline, it is thought that the drug induces the contraction of bronchial smooth muscle may be through the blockade of β-R agonist, and the effect of β-R agonist, isoprenaline and phosphodiesterase inhibitor aminophylline, it is thought that the contraction of this drug caused bronchial smooth muscle may be through the blockade of β-R agonist. It is believed that the effect of this drug on bronchial smooth muscle contraction may be caused by blocking the β-R and lowering the cAMP content, which suggests that the clinical use of ginger in Chinese medicine to resolve phlegm and relieve cough is correct. However, the above results suggest that ginger should not be used in asthma, severe dyspnea, old and weak people and people who snore continuously at night, otherwise it may aggravate the condition.

2 Anti-tumor effect

It has been reported [4] that some pungent components of ginger and other ginger plants have anti-tumor effects. Gingerol can inhibit 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) caused by mouse tumors [5], and capsaicin synergistically have chemical inhibition of cancer in mice. Another experiment showed [6] that 6-gingerol, the main pungent component of ginger, has obvious antitumor activity. It can significantly inhibit 7,12-biphenylanthracene-induced epidermal papillomas in female ICR mice, and also inhibit inflammation induced by fopperol esters.

3 Antioxidant effects

It has been reported [7] that the extract of fresh ginger (5.56 mg mL-1) has the effect of scavenging anionic radicals; it can alleviate the depolymerization of aminopolysaccharides induced by oxygen radicals, which is beneficial to the maintenance of the physiological functions of connective tissues, bones and joints, and can control the development of certain inflammatory diseases. Another experiment confirmed [8], fresh ginger extract 0.8mL (containing 0.4g of raw medicine) on carbon tetrachloride-induced decline in hepatic SOD enzyme activity in mice has a significant role in the recovery, and can be strong inhibition of carbon tetrachloride-caused lipid peroxidation, reduce the content of LPO in the liver, suggesting that ginger has an antioxidant effect.

The experiments of Wang Qiao [9] and others showed that ginger petroleum ether extract (1.0,2.0,3.0,4.0,5.0,6.0g L-1) inhibited the oxidation of O on erythrocytes and had a protective effect on erythrocytes; it had an inhibitory effect on the degree and speed of O oxidation of erythrocytes, and it could protect erythrocyte membrane proteins from the oxidation of H2O2, and had a very strong inhibition of -OH generated by the Fenton reaction, which had a significant effect on the oxidization of erythrocyte membrane protein. It can protect erythrocyte membrane proteins from H2O2 oxidation; it has strong scavenging and inhibitory effect on -OH produced by Fenton reaction, the scavenging and inhibitory rate can reach more than 90% at 2.0g-L-1; it has certain inhibitory effect on the production of MDA by LPO of mouse liver microsomes induced by Fe2+-cysteine, the inhibitory effect is also enhanced with the increase of the concentration, and it is regarded as the lowest effective inhibitory effect with the increase of the concentration. c = 4.0 g L-1 can be regarded as the lowest effective concentration for inhibition. Among the four kinds of oxygen radical generating systems, the petroleum ether extract of ginger had significant inhibition of oxidation and scavenging of free radicals, and it can be a kind of efficient oxygen radical scavenger.

Another experiment proved [10] that ginger volatile oil (0.16 ml-L-1) could scavenge and inhibit the H2O2 produced by chondrocytes stimulated by xanthate, which may be due to the fact that the phenolic hydroxyl structure of the volatile oil containing a variety of active ingredients and reducing substances, such as gingerols, ginger ketones, and ginger alkenols, etc., can scavenge and inhibit the reactive oxygen species produced by the xanthate-stimulated chondrocytes in a variety of ways, but what kind of components can be used? However, the role of the components and the mechanism of action have not been explored. In the anti-hypoxia experiment of Song Xueying [11], different extracts of ginger were used as indicators of the resistance of mice to normobaric confinement hypoxia, and it was found that 1.5mL of ginger ether extract - body weight had a significant effect on the resistance of mice to hypoxia.

It was found that 1.5 mL of ginger ether extract - body weight significantly enhanced the hypoxia tolerance of mice, but the effect of ginger bark ether extract was not obvious (probably due to the small amount of free radical scavenging substances in ginger bark oil); compared with the control group, the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of ginger at 10g, 20g and 30g kg-1 body weight increased the hypoxia tolerance time of mice. Increasing the dosage of ginger aqueous extract did not prolong the duration of hypoxia tolerance, whereas increasing the dosage of ginger alcoholic extract prolonged the duration of hypoxia tolerance in mice. The effect was more pronounced when the dose of ginger was increased to 30 g kg-1. This is because cerebral hypoxia can increase the free radicals in the organism, and ginger has obvious antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects, increasing the antioxidant activity of the organism, reducing the damage of free radicals to the organism, and thus prolonging the hypoxia tolerance time of mice.

He Liya［12,13,14］etc observed the brain recovery effect of ginger in rabbit acute complete cerebral ischemia/reperfusion model, and found that ginger extract (0.7g -kg-1 body weight, iv) could inhibit the generation of MDA, increase SOD activity and Na+-K+-ATPase activity in brain tissue, and clear the neuronal membrane caused by free radicals in the body. iv) can inhibit the production of MDA, a lipid peroxidation product of brain tissue, increase SOD activity and Na+--K+--ATPase activity in brain tissue, remove the lipid peroxidation damage of nerve cell membrane caused by free radicals, and reduce the permeability of brain cell membrane; it can effectively protect the catalase activity of ischemia-reperfusion brain, and at the same time improve the metabolism of ischemic tissues and the hypoxia condition, reduce the generation of lactic acid, and significantly reduce the lactic acid content and thus alleviate the metabolic acidosis of tissues; it can to a certain degree protect the integrity of cell membranes, and significantly improve Na+--K+--ATPase and Ca2+--ATPase activity in the cell membranes. It protects the integrity of cell membranes to a certain extent, significantly improves the activities of Na+--K+--ATPase and Ca2+--ATPase in cell membranes, reduces cerebral edema and Ca2+ overload, and positively protects the ischemic reperfused brain, so that the cerebral edema can be reduced and the brain can be resuscitated rapidly.

Ginger juice 1% (W/W) significantly reduced lipid peroxidation in rats by maintaining the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, GSH peroxidase) [15]. Blood GSH levels were significantly increased in rats gavaged with ginger juice. A similar effect was observed in rats administered with ascorbic acid (100 mg/kg), a natural antioxidant. This result shows that ginger juice is an effective antioxidant.

4 Cholesterol-lowering effect

Oral administration of diterpenoid (E)-8β-17-epoxylabd-12-ene-15,16- dial (ZT) inhibited hepatic cholesterol synthesis in rats [16], and the inhibition of biosynthesis was dose-dependent; the inhibitory effect was enhanced by Tween-80. Oral administration of 50mg kg-1, 100mg kg-1 and 200mg kg-1 decreased plasma cholesterol by 17%, 25% and 46%, respectively, in a dose-dependent manner. Adult male albino mutant Wister rats [17] were fed with garlic 2% (W/W), ginger + garlic, ginger 0.5% (W/W) for 4 weeks, and their serum biochemical parameters were examined. Except for the ginger group, there was a significant increase in body weight in all groups. Blood glucose, total cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase were significantly decreased in all groups. Serum HDL-hydroxysterols were significantly reduced only in the ginger group and the ginger+garlic group, and the latter group showed a more pronounced effect. The administration of cholesterol to rabbits for 10 weeks [18] resulted in a significant increase in serum and tissue cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum ester proteins and phospholipids. Significant reductions in these indices were observed in rabbits administered ethanolic extract of ginger (200 mg/kg, po.) compared to gemfibrozil (a standard oral lipid modifier). High total cholesterol is recognized as a major cause of aortic sclerosis. Rabbits given ginger juice were less likely to develop atherosclerosis. These results suggest that ginger could be developed as a hypolipidemic drug.

5 Antiemetic effect

In non-healthy mixed-breed dogs iv.3mg/kg cisplatin (100% vomiting dose) [19], and then the acetone, 50% ethanol and water extracts of ginger were given at the doses of 25, 50, 100, 200mg/kg (po.), it was observed that the acetone and ethanol extracts had a significant antiemetic effect, but not as effective as granisetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, and the effect was not as strong as the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist. The acetone and ethanol extracts showed significant antiemetic effects, but not as effective as the 5-HT3 receptor antagonist granisetron, while the aqueous extract was ineffective against cisplatin-induced emesis. In addition, neither extract antagonized the vomiting induced by desiccated morphine. This result suggests that ginger may be an effective and inexpensive antiemetic agent in chemotherapy. In Thailand [20], ginger has been used in obstetrics and gynecology departments as a preventive medicine for nausea and vomiting after laparoscopy in gynecological outpatients.

It has also been reported [21] that the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) includes ginger as one of the main treatment measures for nausea and vomiting in pregnant women. Ginger antiemetic is related to its ability to regulate gastrointestinal function and inhibit gastric tachycardia [22]. Ginger liquid causes contraction of the ileum in isolated guinea pigs, and its pungent component stimulates sensory nerve endings to release substance P, which mediates intestinal contraction. Ginger has a significant inhibitory effect on acetylcholine and histamine ileus contraction in isolated guinea pigs, which is a non-competitive antagonistic effect, and the mechanism may be that its active ingredient exerts an antiemetic effect by inhibiting gastrointestinal motility; and in the central nervous system, it opposes the effect of central excitatory transmitter acetylcholine, reduces the conduction of vestibular stimulus impulses to the cerebral cortex, and thus reduces the reaction of vertigo and nausea.

6 Other effects

Literature reports that ginger also has anti-inflammatory [5,6], anti-5-HT 3 [23] and other effects.

References:

[ 1 ] Huang Taikang. Handbook of Composition and Pharmacology of Commonly Used Chinese Medicines [M]. Beijing: China Medical Science and Technology Press,1994:178

［2] ZHANG Zhuxin,LIU Liansheng. Antiallergic effect of ginger oil［J］. Chinese patent medicine,1992,14(11):30-31

［3] LIU Shan-ting, XIN Qin, LI Jian-mei, et al. Experimental study on the effect of ginger on respiratory smooth muscle［J］. Journal of Jining Medical College,1996,19(4):26-27

［ 4 ］  Surh Y  J．Chemopreventive properties of hot  chili pepper and ginger［M］．IOS Press：Amsterdam ,Neth．Cancer Nut r ,1998, 193-202

［ 5 ］  Park K K ,Chun K S ,Lee J M ,et al．Inhibitory effects of gingerol ,a major pungent principle of ginger ,on phorbol ester induced inflammation ,epiderami ornithine decarboxylase activity  and skin tumorpromotion in ICR mice［J］．Caner Lett．1998,129 （2）：139-144

［ 6 ］  Surh  Y  J ,L  E ,Lee J  M．Chmoprotective properties of some pungent ingredients present in red pepper and ginger［J］．Mutat Res．1998,402（1,2）,259-267

[7] WANG Wei, CHEN Wenwei. Discussion on the meaning of “medicine and food” from antioxidant reaction［J］. Journal of Integrative Medicine,1991,11(3):159-161

[8] LIU Jinling, WANG Weidong, GUO Jingyun. Discussion on the antioxidant effect of fresh ginger extract［J］. Henan traditional Chinese medicine,1996,16(3):156

[9] WANG QIAO, ZENG ZHAOHUI, CHEN Yi, et al. Study on the antioxidant effect of ginger petroleum ether extract on four kinds of oxygen radical systems［J］. Chinese Journal of Pharmacy,1997,32(6):343- 346

［10］ Guo Ping, Xu Qihui, Xu Shanjin. Inhibition of hydrogen peroxide production by chondrocytes triggered by xanthate by light fraction of ginger juice［J］. Chinese Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine,1997,22(9):559- 561

［11］ Song Xueying, Bai Jinfa, Wang Qiao, et al. Effect of ginger on the duration of hypoxia in mice［J］. Chinese Journal of Medicine,1998,13(3):70-71

［12］ He Liya, Wu Heping, Huang Chongxin, et al. Discussion on the effect of ginger on the prevention and treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury［J］. Modern Applied Pharmacy,1995,12(5):3-5

［13］ He Liya, Wu Heping, Liu Jinxiong, et al. Resuscitation efficacy of ginger on experimental cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rabbits［J］. Journal of Practical Chinese and Western Medicine,1996,9(3):155

［14］ He Liya, Huang Chongxin, Li Songping. Effect of ginger on catalase, Ca2+-ATPase activity and lactate content in ischemic brain injury［J］. Medical Theory and Practice,1999,12(1):7-9

［15］  Ahmed RS ,Seth V ,Banerjec BD．Influence of dietary ginger on antioxidant defense system in rat：comparison with ascorbic acid ［J］．Indian J Exp Biol ,2000Jun：38（6）：604-6

［16］ Translated by Zongyou Li. Inhibitory components of cholesterol biosynthesis in ginger［J］. Overseas medicine of Chinese medicine and traditional Chinese medicine, 1994,16(4):40

［17］  Ahmed RS ,Sharma SB．Biochemical studies on combined effects of garlic and ginger in albino rats［J］．Indian J Exp Biol ,1997 Aug：35（8）：841-3

［18］   Bhandari  U ,Sharma  JN ,Zafar  R ．The  protective  action  of ethanolic ginger extract in cholesterol fed rabbits［J］．Ethnophar- macol ,1998Jun；61（2）：167-71

［19］ Sharma SS ,Kochupillai V ,Gupta SK ,et al．Antiemetic efficacy  of  ginger  against  cisplatin-induced  emesis  in   dogs［ J ］． J Ethnopharmacol ,1997Jul：57（2）：93-6

［20］ Visalyaput ra S ,Petchpaisit  N ,Somcharoen K ,et al．The efficacy of giner  root  in  the prevention  of  postoprative  nausea  and  vomiting after outpatient gynaecological laparoscopy［J］．Anaes- thesia 1998,May：53（5）：506-510

［21］ Power ML ,Holzman GB ,Schulkin J．A survey on the manage- ment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy by obstertrician／gyne- cologist s［J］．Prim Care Update Ob Gyns,2001,Mar：8（2）：69-72

［22］ Qian Dongsheng,Liu Yishun. Study on the pharmacological effect of ginger in anti-motility diseases［J］. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine,1992,12(2):95-98

［23］ Translated by Chunyi Zhang. Anti-5-HT 3 effect of Galanolactone, a diterpene constituent of ginger［J］. Foreign medicine, Chinese medicine and traditional Chinese medicine. 1992,14(2):48.