What Is Spirulina Use in Hindi?

Spirulina in Hindi is a type of lowly prokaryotic blue-green algae, also known as blue bacteria. Relevant research has shown that spirulina is the most nutritious, comprehensive and balanced organism known to man, with a high protein content. The algae also contain a variety of biologically active ingredients, making them an aquatic biological resource with great development potential (Zhang Xuecheng and Xue Mingxiong, 2012). Spirulina is rich in a variety of nutrients, including 60% to 70% protein, which is twice as much as in soybeans, 3.5 times as much as in beef, and 4 times as much as in eggs, and has a reasonable composition of various amino acids; carbohydrates account for 15% to 20% of the dry weight of the cells; the fat content is generally 5% to 6% of the dry weight, of which 70% to 80% are unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs); the cell fiber content is only 4% to 5%, it is extremely easy to digest, with a digestion rate of over 75%; in addition, it is extremely rich in vitamins and minerals (Lin Shiqi, 2010; Zheng Jing, 2009). In addition, spirulina contains active ingredients such as phycocyanin (C-PC), phycopolysaccharides (PSP), γ-linolenic acid (GLAME), β-carotene, and chlorophyll a, which have a regulatory effect on animal functions. This article reviews the biological functions of spirulina and its application in animal production.

1 Biological functions of spirulina

1.1 Regulation of immunity

Immunity is mainly regulated by the body's own immune cells, organs and factors. Studies have shown that active ingredients in spirulina, such as phycocyanin (PSP), phycocyanin (C-PC) and β-carotene, can enhance the proliferation of bone marrow cells, promote the growth of immune organs such as the thymus and spleen, and the biosynthesis of serum proteins, enhance the phagocytic function of macrophages, promote the conversion of lymphocytes, increase the number of lymphocytes, and have the physiological function of regulating and activating the immune response (Wang Li et al., 2009; Wang Wenbo, 2009). Hirahashi (2002) reported that spirulina polysaccharides extracted by hot water can enhance the killing ability of NK cells. Guo Jinming et al. (2009) found in a study on the effect of spirulina on the immune function of mice that spirulina can significantly increase the proliferation of lymphocytes in the spleen of mice.

Luo Xia et al. (2011) found that spirulina water extract can increase the proliferation rate of lymphocytes, and its effect is more significant than that of traditional lymphocyte proliferation drugs. In addition, it has been reported that spirulina can significantly increase the weight of the liver, spleen and thymus in young rats; increase the number of antibodies to sheep red blood cells (SR-BC) in chickens, and enhance the phagocytic ability of macrophages (Liu Yongguo et al., 1999; Qureshi et al., 1997, 1995).

1.2 Antioxidant and anti-aging effects

In recent years, it has been generally accepted that the large amounts of oxygen free radicals produced during metabolic processes in the body can strongly damage the molecular structure of life, such as fatty acids on cell membranes, nucleic acids and proteins in the body. The more

 oxygen free radicals accumulate in the body, the more destructive they become, and the faster the body ages. Spirulina is rich in antioxidant vitamins E and C, beta-carotene and selenium (Se), all of which are natural free radical scavengers that can interrupt the reaction chain of free radicals (Guan Rongfa and Xu Zirong, 2002).

Rapoport et al. (2004) found that phycocyanin can effectively reduce oxidative stress and NADPH oxidase expression in atherosclerotic ham models. Li Ling et al. (2007) found through the Fenton reaction that spirulina polysaccharides can effectively scavenge ·OH and O2- · free radicals, and significantly inhibit lipid peroxidation and ·OH oxidative damage to DNA. Tang Chunqing et al. (2010) showed that a low dose of spirulina polysaccharide given to mice orally can significantly resist the aging of mice caused by D-galactose (125 mg/kg·d) for 42 consecutive days. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide anions and can remove free radicals in the body. Malondialdehyde (MDA) is an oxidation product that can lead to the formation of age spots after oxygen free radicals attack the lipids in cell membranes. Studies have shown that spirulina can delay aging by containing its own antioxidants and increasing the activity of SOD and reducing the content of MDA.

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n Xinshi (2010) used post-exercise mouse red blood cells as the test subject and found that after taking spirulina, the SOD activity of the red blood cells increased and the concentration of free radicals decreased, indicating that spirulina can improve the body's antioxidant function. Gao Ling (2011) found that spirulina polysaccharides and ginkgo biloba extract in combination, as well as high-dose compound spirulina polysaccharides, can enhance the activity of SOD in mouse serum and reduce the content of MDA in the brain. This indicates that spirulina has obvious antioxidant and anti-aging effects. In addition, Yang Zhanjun (2010) reported that spirulina can effectively remove free radicals by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reducing lipid peroxidation.

1.3 Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic functions

Spirulina polysaccharides can promote the secretion of insulin in animal bodies, affect the activity of enzymes involved in the process of glucose metabolism, promote the utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues, regulate the blood glucose level of the body, and reduce the incidence of diabetes (Peng Hong et al., 2002). Zhao Yuzhong et al. (2010) showed that spirulina powder can significantly reduce the fasting blood glucose of diabetic mice and the postprandial blood glucose of diabetic mice, while significantly enhancing the glucose tolerance of diabetic mice. However, it has no effect on the fasting blood glucose and body weight of normal mice. Zhang Kan et al. (2009) showed that after oral administration of different doses of natural spirulina powder to mice for 30 days, the fasting blood glucose of mice with diabetes induced by tetraoxypyrimidine (effective at a dose of 0.350 g/kg) was reduced, while there was no effect on the fasting blood glucose of normal mice.

Spirulina is rich in unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), of which the natural unsaturated fatty acid gamma-linolenic acid (GLAME) accounts for up to 1.197 g/kg (algal powder), accounting for 20% to 30% of the fatty acid content of the algae. In addition, it also contains a small amount of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (Wang Wenbo, 2009). These unsaturated fatty acids play an important role in regulating fatty acid metabolism. Kong Xiuqin et al. (2003) reported that GLAME can significantly reduce the plasma TC, TG, and LDL-C levels and AI, and increase HDL-C levels and HDL-C/TC in normal rats and rats with hyperlipidemia. Wei Jinhe et al. (2009) obtained the following results in an oral spirulina test on SD rats: spirulina had no significant effect on TG in hyperlipidemic rats (P>0.05); TC decreased significantly in rats in all dose groups (P<0.01); and high-dose test groups had significantly or extremely significantly elevated HDL-C (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Liu Zhongshen et al. (1996) reported that spirulina, when administered to mice (1 g/kg), had a better effect than fish oil (control group) in reducing TG, and a slightly inferior effect than fish oil in reducing TC.

1.4 Anti-radiation, anti-cancer and anti-tumor functions

Studies have found that the mechanism of action of anti-mutagenic and anti-cancer drugs may be related to the repair of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and spirulina's algal polysaccharides, β-carotene and phycocyanin all have this effect. Therefore, spirulina plays an important role in anti-radiation, anti-cancer and anti-tumor. Studies have shown that spirulina's water-soluble polysaccharide (SP-1) can significantly enhance the removal and repair activity of radiation-induced DNA damage and the process of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) (P<0.05) (Lai Jianhui and Wang Shufang, 2001).

Guo Chunsheng et al. (2008) used a high dose of spirulina polysaccharide and effective ginkgo biloba ingredients in a mouse anti-radiation test. The results showed that the combined application of the two had a synergistic effect, which significantly prolonged the survival time of mice irradiated with 60Co-γ rays and increased the survival rate of mice. Studies have confirmed that spirulina polysaccharides can increase the survival rate of irradiated mice and effectively increase the relative quantity of hematopoietic stem cells (Tian Qiyang, 2011). Apoptosis is closely related to the occurrence, development and treatment of tumors and has become one of the current research hotspots in tumor molecular biology. Spirulina polysaccharides have the effect of inducing apoptosis in tumor cells, and the mechanism of action may be to induce apoptosis by down-regulating bcl-2 protein expression and up-regulating bax and Apaf-1 expression (Tang Guifang et al., 2009). Some studies have also suggested that the mechanism of action may be related to the mitochondrial pathway or death receptor pathway (Kirsten et al., 2001; Geen, 2000). A study by Hou Hongbao et al. (2009) also showed that spirulina polysaccharides can significantly inhibit tumor growth, with an inhibition rate of more than 30%. The high-dose group (200 mg/kg) had the best effect, reaching 59.26%.

2 Application of spirulina in animal production

2.1 Application in aquaculture

Spirulina in Hindi is now widely used as a feed additive in fish and shrimp feed because it is rich in protein and amino acids and contains a variety of trace elements. Spirulina has the effect of increasing the body color, promoting growth, and improving the survival rate of young animals in aquaculture species (Leng Xiangjun and Li Xiaoqin, 2006). Yang Weidong et al. (2011) fed koi carp with basal diets supplemented with 0%, 4%, 8%, 12%, and 16% spirulina for 60 days. The results showed that as the amount of spirulina added increased, the weight gain rate and liver somatic index of the test group of koi carp increased significantly (P<0.05), but the effects on specific growth rate, fattening, and visceral ratio were not significantly affected (P>0.05). In addition, as the spirulina addition content increased, the dry matter digestibility, protein digestibility, and fat digestibility of the test group gradually increased, and all were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05).

The results of He Peimin's (1999) research showed that as the amount of spirulina added increased, so did the body weight gain of the koi, and the best weight gain effect was achieved with an addition of 20%. In addition, when 4% of concave convex loam soil and 7.5% of spirulina were added to the feed, the koi had the highest weight gain rate and the lowest feed coefficient. Adding a certain amount of spirulina to the compound feed can also improve the coloring effect of koi (Sun Xiangjun et al., 2011; Hu Xianqiong et al., 2011). Liu Huazhong et al. (2004) added spirulina to the basal diet of Pengze crucian carp, and the results showed that the addition of 2% and 4% spirulina significantly improved the growth performance of Pengze crucian carp (P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the relative growth rate, feed conversion ratio and survival rate were improved to varying degrees. In terms of shrimp, Wang Wei et al. (2010) showed that the addition of 4% spirulina-okra fine powder can improve the growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei. The weight gain rates of adult and juvenile shrimp were 22.72% and 46.76% higher than those of the control group, respectively. In addition, the survival rate of Litopenaeus vannamei individuals also increased to varying degrees. Huang Yuefeng et al. (2009) found that after crayfish fed a diet containing a certain proportion of spirulina, the activity of crayfish pepsin and cellulase increased.

2.2 Application in animal husbandry

2.2.1 Chickens

Adding spirulina to the diet can not only improve the performance of chickens, but also improve the quality of the products. Ning Weiyin et al. (2004) showed that adding 2% spirulina powder to the feed of laying hens increased the egg production rate by 6.69% (P<0.05), the feed conversion rate by 13.15% (P<0.05), the average individual egg weight increased by 4.7 g (P < 0.05). At the same time, the yolk color improved and became golden brown. Cao Haikang et al. (2002) found that after adding 4% spirulina, the chickens ate faster, their feathers were shiny, their combs were ruddy, and their egg production rate, feed conversion rate, the average weight of eggs increased by 6 % (P<0.01), 13.80 % (P<0.05) and 4.7 g (P<0.05) respectively; the fresh eggs contained 11.7 % protein, 8.4 % fat, 0.35 % carbohydrates, 45 μg/g carotenoids, 6.9 μg/g lecithin, 0.34 μg/g selenium, 0.01 μg/g magnesium. Ye Baoguo and Huang Ligang (1999) reported that adding spirulina to the feed of laying hens can increase egg production and hatchability. In addition, Liu Kairong and Yang Zuwei (1995) showed that spirulina can increase the survival rate of broilers by 4% (P<0.01), total weight gain by 11%, feed conversion ratio by 8%, and improve meat quality. Liu Huazhong et al. (2005) found that adding 2% dried spirulina to the diet of one-day-old broiler chicks could enhance their immune function. Lv Shuchen et al. (1998) showed that adding 2% spirulina could increase the survival rate of chicks by 16.8% and their body weight gain by 33.4%.

2.2.2 Pigs

Huang Liguang et al. (2000) reported that spirulina can improve the performance of piglets. Wei Qipeng and Xie Jinfang (2000) found that replacing fish meal with 1% spirulina in the diet can increase the daily weight gain of weaned piglets by 15.41% (P<0.05), a 9.95% reduction in feed conversion ratio (P<0.05), a 3.93% increase in feed intake (P>0.05), and a reduction in diarrhea rate. He Yingjun et al. (2006) found that adding 1 g/kg and 1.5 g/kg of compound spirulina extract to the feed of Jinhua pigs daily weight gain increased by 9.52 % (P < 0.05) and 13.33 % (P < 0.05), backfat thickness decreased by 7.26 % (P < 0.05) and 9.46 % (P < 0.05), bone rate decreased by 0.34 % (P < 0.05) and 0.25 % (P < 0.05), and the feed conversion rate of the 1.5 g/kg addition group was 5.10 % lower (P < 0.05) than that of the control group, while the lean meat rate increased by 1.60 % (P < 0.05). In addition, the addition of spirulina can also improve the fertility of breeding pigs (Liu Huifang, 2001).

2.2.3 Cattle

Zhang Jingzhi et al. (2010) reported that adding 0.09% and 0.15% spirulina (dry matter basis) had no significant effect on rumen pH (P>0.05), and there was a trend towards reducing ammonia nitrogen concentration, but the difference was not significant compared with the control group (P>0.05). The two addition groups also had no significant effect on the effective rumen degradation rate of the diet dry matter (P>0.05), but significantly increased the rumen degradation rate of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber in the diet (P<0.05), and 0.15% spirulina also significantly reduced the rumen degradation rate of crude protein in the diet (P<0.05). Bai Yuansheng (1999) reported that fresh spirulina can be added with salt and fed directly to cattle or mixed with dry powder at a ratio of 10% for better fattening results.

3 Summary

China has vast water resources, which makes large-scale cultivation of spirulina possible. Large-scale cultivation of spirulina not only solves the problem of competition with agricultural production for land, but also provides China with a large amount of high-quality protein resources (Wang Yitao and Meng Chunxiao, 2010). However, spirulina cultivation is affected by many factors, making it difficult and costly, which greatly limits its scope of application. Reducing the cost of cultivation, increasing the yield per unit area and improving product quality have become technical barriers to the large-scale cultivation of spirulina. To this end, research on spirulina cultivation should be intensified, and advanced biological techniques should be used to select and breed excellent varieties with high adaptability and nutritional value, in order to provide technical support for the development and application of spirulina. As research progresses and spirulina production costs decrease, it will help promote the application of spirulina powder in animal production.

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