Study on the Use of Lycopene Powder in the Food Field

Lycopene is a carotenoid found mainly in vegetables and fruits such as tomatoes and carrots. The human body or animals cannot synthesize carotenoids on their own, so lycopene needs to be obtained through the diet [1]. Lycopene has been recognized as a Class A nutrient by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA), and the World Health Organization (WHO). It is widely used as a food additive in more than 50 countries and regions, and has both nutritional and coloring effects [2]. China's annual tomato production accounts for about 20% of the global total [3]. It is estimated that the market value of lycopene is expected to increase to more than 133 million U.S. dollars by 2023 [4].

With the gradual expansion of the application of lycopene powder in food, the types of applications in the food sector are becoming more diverse. The application requirements for lycopene and its processed foods at home and abroad are gradually becoming clear, and China has already established relevant usage standards. Lycopene is of great significance in preventing cardiovascular disease, improving human immunity and delaying aging [5]. Summarizing the related functions and potential efficacy of lycopene health food can help companies promote their products. In summary, this paper investigates the research on the application of lycopene in the food industry, regulatory requirements, standard construction, and product efficacy promotion, and puts forward development suggestions, with a view to providing a basis for the research and development and application of foods containing lycopene.

1. The efficacy and application status of lycopene powder

1.1 The efficacy of lycopene powder

In terms of product efficacy, according to regulations, ordinary foods are not allowed to advertise efficacy, while health foods are only allowed to advertise their approved efficacy. The current health food efficacy of lycopene is antioxidant and immune enhancement, and does not involve disease treatment. Dietary supplements contained in ordinary foods can label the corresponding nutrients, such as lycopene, on the product label. Studies have found that lycopene can delay aging by scavenging free radicals, enhancing superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity, and reducing malondialdehyde levels [6-8]. The antioxidant properties of lycopene prevent and delay skin aging, reduce wrinkles and freckles, and lighten skin tone [9-11].

Lycopene also has significant effects in preventing and treating neurological diseases, inhibiting the proliferation of tumor cells, preventing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and preventing osteoporosis and related diseases [12-15]. Lycopene can inhibit the growth of prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo, and the mechanism may be through inhibiting the level of inflammation in prostate cancer [16-19]. Clinical studies have found that lycopene has a significant effect in inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Supplementation of 7 mg/d lycopene for 30 days in patients with coronary artery disease can effectively reduce the body's IgG content [14]. Li et al. [20] found that healthy young women who supplemented tomato juice containing 32.5 mg lycopene per day for 8 weeks had anti-obesity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

At present, studies on the correlation between lycopene and cholesterol, lipid oxidation, macular degeneration, and regulation of the intestinal flora have also been reported [21-24]. At present, there has been extensive research on the therapeutic effects of lycopene on diseases, but further research is needed on the mechanism of action.

Despite the powerful antioxidant function of lycopene, the effective preservation of the product during its shelf life urgently requires technical solutions such as microencapsulation and nanoencapsulation. By improving stability, the shelf life of lycopene can be extended and its application can be more widely expanded [25]. Lycopene health food products on the market use different raw materials and have different product compositions, but their health functions are relatively simple. Therefore, consumers' choices are more dependent on the companies' own publicity and explanations. Currently, more consumers are concerned about the impact of lycopene on men's health, but publicity related to men's health is not found on domestic food packaging.

1.2 Current application status of lycopene powder

Lycopene powder  can be used as an ingredient in ordinary foods, health foods, dietary supplements, etc. Among them, in ordinary food, lycopene is used as a food additive; health food products with lycopene added in China have a blue hat logo, and are often combined with vegetable oil to form soft capsules, and promote health benefits; nutritional dietary supplements with lycopene added are mostly imported foods, which play a role in improving health and reducing the risk of disease. In addition to the above-mentioned foods, the application fields of lycopene also involve the pharmaceutical, animal feed and cosmetics industries [26].

1.2.1 Ordinary food

Lycopene powder is used as a food additive in ordinary food in China. It can be added as a coloring agent in modified milk, flavored fermented milk, candy, instant cereals, baked goods, solid soup mixes, semi-solid compound seasonings, beverages (excluding packaged drinking water), and jelly, with a maximum use limit. Some studies have found that lycopene has a preservative effect when used in meat products, reducing spoilage and microbial growth [27-28]. Adding lycopene to cooking oil can reduce oil fission [29]. Adding lycopene to baked goods can also significantly increase the crude fat and ash content [30], reducing the risk of cancer [31] while improving nutritional quality.

Among the various categories of common foods, lycopene is mostly used in beverage products. A search of Mintel beverage product data reveals that most beverages containing lycopene are tomato juice, hawthorn juice, guava juice, etc. The promotional content on the packaging includes information such as fruit juice content, added sugar content, added tomato juice, place of origin, flavor, and natural and healthy living. In terms of the promotion of lycopene-containing beverage products, some domestic tomato juices will label the amount of lycopene added, and some foreign products will also label the foreign language name of lycopene or the amount of lycopene added. At the same time, according to the product characteristics, information such as high protein, high vitamin A, and high vitamin C is also labeled on the product packaging.

China has a wide variety of functional drinks, but there has been relatively little research and development of functional drinks related to lycopene [32]. A survey of domestic and foreign drinks with the main nutritional and health concepts of lycopene found that the ingredients mainly include water, fruit or vegetable concentrates, some extracts, acidity regulators, sugar or other sweeteners, food flavors, colors, stabilizers, preservatives, etc. Among them, vegetable concentrates mostly contain carrot juice, spinach juice, celery juice, etc., and some contain tomato sauce; if fruit concentrates or juices are added, they are mostly guava puree, lemon juice, grapefruit juice, apple juice, etc.; in terms of related plant extracts, ginkgo biloba extract, ginseng extract, guarana extract, green tea extract and ginger extract are more common, which can provide characteristic flavors and may have certain nutritional and health benefits. In related beverages, extracts are mostly found in compound form, such as ginseng extract and ginkgo biloba extract. In addition, some beverages that focus on the concept of nutrition and health have added a variety of nutritional enhancers, vitamins such as vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin B1, riboflavin, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, niacin, pantothenic acid, etc., and minerals such as magnesium sulfate, zinc sulfate, iron, selenium, etc. Some tomato products also contain raw materials and ingredients that in China can only be used in health foods, such as coenzyme Q10. The addition of functional ingredients has enriched the diversity of tomato drinks, but at the same time attention needs to be paid to the appropriate target group for the drinks.

1.2.2 Health food

With people's demand for nutrition and health, lycopene products have become more well-known and are being consumed by more people. People can prevent cell damage caused by free radicals and enhance immunity by consuming exogenous nutrients or dietary supplements. Research on the health benefits of lycopene is continuing, making it a more affordable health food [33].

Lycopene has multiple conjugated double bonds [34], is highly fat-soluble, insoluble in water, and has poor thermal stability [35]. Compared with fresh tomatoes, lycopene is more easily absorbed by the body and its utilization rate is greatly increased after the tomato is processed with oil [36]. Therefore, some products add lycopene oleoresin to the ingredients. Lycopene is more stable in oil resin than purified lycopene. At the same time, lycopene oil resin should minimize the presence of high-valent metal ions and oxygen, and avoid light, acid and reducing agent treatments [37].

In terms of product form, there are mainly lycopene soft capsules and lycopene powder coated with microcapsules. This is related to its special oxidizable structure. Lycopene soft capsules are protected by the capsule shell, which can prevent the degradation of lycopene, avoid oxygen-mediated autoxidation, and reduce the effects of light and oxygen oxidation [38], thereby extending the shelf life. The health benefits of lycopene are mainly determined by its bioavailability in the human body [39]. Since the soft capsule shell made of gelatin, water and glycerin is easily digested by the human body, lycopene health products are mainly produced in the form of soft capsules. The wall material of the microcapsules is made from edible raw materials that meet the relevant requirements of China's food safety and food additive standards. While simplifying the traditional food processing technology, it also ensures the content of effective ingredients and improves product quality [40]. The choice of wall material has a significant impact on the storage stability of lycopene microcapsules. Using a protein-based material as the wall material can effectively promote the intestinal absorption of lycopene and improve its bioavailability [41].

Well-known brands of lycopene soft capsules include COFCO Tunhe, Xiangzheng, Hongfan, By-Health, and Jianshe, etc. The product specifications are mostly 500 mg/capsule, and the dosage is mostly 1 capsule twice a day. The products are not suitable for infants, young children, adolescents, pregnant women, nursing mothers, etc., and are generally suitable for people with low immunity. When selecting lycopene health food products, you should pay attention to the health food product label, the lycopene content and place of origin, etc., as well as the packaging content information, which is either per piece or per 100 g. If it says “tomato extract”, it does not mean the same as the lycopene content. In terms of place of origin, the quality of tomatoes depends more on factors such as latitude and sunshine. At present, the best place to grow tomatoes in China is Xinjiang[42]. In terms of product promotion, the main effects are anti-oxidation and immunity enhancement.

In recent years, the scale of tomato production in China has basically remained stable. According to the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs' vegetable production monitoring data, China's annual tomato production has exceeded 6 million tons[43], and it has the resource advantages for lycopene development. With the increasing consumer recognition of lycopene health food, it is foreseeable that lycopene has great development potential.

1.2.3 Dietary supplements

Imported lycopene-related foods are usually called dietary supplements (non-food health characters). In addition to the common lycopene soft capsules, there are also lycopene tablets, which mainly use dietary fiber membrane coating technology to preserve the stability and activity of lycopene. Dietary supplements are intended to provide nutritional support and are not a substitute for a normal diet. They must not cause any acute, subacute or chronic harm to the human body [44]. The functions promoted by lycopene-related dietary supplement products abroad include supporting prostate and heart health, maintaining male prostate health, and helping to fight cardiovascular oxidation. These products also cannot replace medicine and are not intended to treat diseases.

Generally, similar to domestic health foods, foreign health foods are called “nutritional supplements”, “dietary supplements” or “dietary nutritional supplements”. However, in some countries, health foods are regulated in accordance with their corresponding pharmaceutical laws, and the management is very strict. Taking dietary supplements in the United States as an example, there is no corresponding American product category for China's health foods. Most health foods are classified as dietary supplements or general food management, and they display functional claims, but they are managed according to food regulations[45]. At present, dietary supplements in China are gradually developing in the direction of food and are popular with consumers. With changes in social structure and consumption patterns, the development of lycopene dietary supplements in China will also be more complete in the future.

2 Application requirements and standards for the use of lycopene

2.1 Application requirements

International laws and regulations concerning the approval of lycopene as a food ingredient involve various types of lycopene. As early as 2006, the Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) considered that lycopene could be used as a pigment and nutrient supplement. The European Union, Australia/New Zealand, the United States, South Korea, and other countries have approved the use of lycopene in food. Some countries or organizations believe that lycopene is obtained from tomatoes and is not a traditional food. Australia/New Zealand clearly states that lycopene can be used as a dietary supplement, and the South Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety believes that tomato extract can be used in health foods. Since lycopene is classified as a non-essential nutrient, there is no clear recommended daily intake abroad. Even in developed countries, the average intake of lycopene is low, and it is mainly reflected in the intake of cooked tomato products [46].

In China, according to the use requirements of GB 2760-2011 “National Standards for Food Additives Use Standards”, lycopene is added to ordinary foods as a coloring agent. Some foods use lycopene as a food additive. According to the “GB 2760-2014 Food Additive Use Standards,” the difference in the maximum amount of lycopene and lycopene concentrate used is mainly concentrated in four categories: flavored fermented milk, beverages, candy, and semi-solid compound seasonings.

In addition, lycopene is also used in health foods with functions such as anti-oxidation and immunity enhancement. The Dietary Reference Intakes for Chinese Residents (DRIs) have a specific recommendation for lycopene in adults in China of SPL 18 mg/d [46], and the recommended maximum tolerable intake is UL 70 mg/d. Therefore, the human body should ensure a certain intake of lycopene every day. In general, fresh tomatoes contain about 30 mg/kg of lycopene[47]. The human body cannot synthesize lycopene on its own and must obtain it from vegetables and fruits, but it is also necessary to pay attention to the tolerable upper intake level.

2.2 Standard construction

China's lycopene and its processed food standards reflect different lycopene preparation methods, specifically synthetic, fermentation, plant extraction, etc. In this regard, synthetic lycopene can refer to national standards, while natural lycopene and lycopene obtained by fermentation are mainly based on group standards and enterprise standards. This may be related to the fact that there are more products on the market that use synthetic lycopene and fewer that use natural lycopene.

The national food safety standard GB 1886.78—2016 “Food Additives: Lycopene (synthetic)” stipulates the source of lycopene. The food additive lycopene is produced from synthetic intermediates commonly used in the production of other carotenoids in food via the Veitch condensation reaction, and the total lycopene content is ≥ 96.0%. For the specific testing method, please refer to Table 1. According to the search results on the National Group Standard Information Platform, there are currently only two published group standards for lycopene in China. For details, please see Table 2. The standards stipulate the technical requirements, physical and chemical indicators, and testing rules for lycopene. The normative reference documents for the two group standards both involve the determination methods in the 2015 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Vol. 4. T/ZZB 1246—2019 also cites the quality specifications for lycopene in the Ministry of Health's Announcement No. 6 of 2012, the Good Manufacturing Practice for Drugs (revised in 2010) (2010 edition GMP), and the United States Pharmacopoeia 41 Lycopene (USP 41 Lycopene), among other things. In addition, the Shanghai Society of Food Science and Technology group standard for the determination of hexahydro and octahydro lycopene was established in February 2023. A summary of the current status of group standards in the tomato field reveals that most of the standards focus on cultivation techniques, and there are currently 8 of them. Therefore, there is still much room for improvement in the construction of group standards.

As of April 2023, there were 33 currently valid group standards related to lycopene. Among them, there are 20 standards for lycopene soft capsules, which are made with ingredients such as natural vitamin E, propolis, safflower seed oil, flaxseed oil, salad oil, wheat germ oil, phytosterols, ascorbyl palmitate, L-arginine, maca extract, and chromium-enriched yeast. The health food effects mentioned in the standards include immunity enhancement, anti-oxidation, and assist in lowering blood lipids. There is one standard for lycopene health food tablets, which requires compliance with the provisions for “tablets” under the “General Principles for Preparations” of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China. The mass of the tablet is required to be 0.5 g/tablet. Well-known products all show the index of the content of the signature ingredient lycopene, and the corresponding product advantages are reflected through the index in the corporate standards.

3 Development suggestions

Lycopene is constantly being innovated in the food sector, and the research and development and production of lycopene health foods will receive more attention. In order to further adapt to market demand, efforts can be made in the areas of health food advertising, standard establishment, clarification of efficacy, applicable population, and market supervision.

3.1 Highlight the advertising of lycopene health foods

Lycopene mostly appears in the form of health foods, so for the advertising of health foods, the following points can be highlighted on the product details page or in the product advertising content.

3.1.1 National Food Health Characteristic Approval Number

Lycopene soft capsules Imported foods mostly take the form of dietary supplements. In view of the difficulty of applying for registration or record-filing of health food products, the concept of health food products and the “Little Blue Hat” logo can be further highlighted and popular science knowledge can be provided to help distinguish the authenticity of the product and highlight its health benefits. For example, the differences between health food products and ordinary foods, the efficacy of health food products, and the knowledge that health food products are not drugs can be presented.

3.1.2 Lycopene content

As can be seen from the analysis of the index of the landmark ingredient in the above corporate standards, the lycopene content in different products varies. Therefore, it is recommended to highlight the lycopene content of the product. Since the absorption of lycopene after ingestion of a raw tomato is only 0.05 mg, and according to China's DRIs, the SPL value that is conducive to maintaining human health is 18 mg/d, it is therefore considered that moderate supplementation can be achieved by consuming lycopene health food.

3.1.3 Origin of raw materials

China is one of the world's three major producers of golden tomatoes, mainly due to factors such as latitude and sunshine. This concept can be highlighted when introducing the product. In addition, for ordinary foods containing lycopene, the content claims on the product packaging in China should comply with the content of GB 28050-2011 “General Principles of Nutrition for Prepackaged Foods”. Therefore, the content of “rich in”, “containing” and “high” lycopene should not appear. In order to reflect the nutritional value of lycopene, it is recommended to measure and present the content of lycopene.

3.2 Improving lycopene standard construction

Currently, there are no national or industry standards for natural lycopene or lycopene obtained through fermentation. In addition to the lack of relevant national standards, there is insufficient market vitality in the development of standards by social groups. Improving the industry standard system can further guide the research and development of lycopene products and clarify relevant technical requirements. At the same time, the development of lycopene industry standards and group standards needs to be encouraged to enhance the competitiveness of lycopene products and promote the rapid development of the industry. Enterprises can also establish more stringent technical targets based on existing standards to form corporate standards and establish a corporate image. The corresponding product advantages can be reflected through the indicators in the corporate standards, such as the lycopene content in the corporate standards.

3.3 Clarify the health benefits of lycopene and the applicable population

With people's growing awareness of health care, health food products, as a derivative of traditional food therapy, have begun to take shape in modern social development [48]. Due to the particularity of the health food industry and the exaggeration of some manufacturers in the marketing process during the previous expansion, there is a lack of trust between consumers and health food manufacturers. False product publicity has led to a decline in overall reputation [49], and there is a need to maintain the stable output of the brand. At present, the product differences between lycopene health food products on the market are not obvious. Establishing a brand image while ensuring efficacy and finding the core selling point of the product is an important way to gain a foothold in an increasingly competitive market [50].

In terms of the efficacy of health food, the health functions of soft capsules made from ingredients such as lycopene and vitamin E are to enhance immunity, resist oxidation, and help lower blood lipids. If the health function of lycopene and vitamin E soft capsules is to resist oxidation, it is necessary to advise special groups such as children and adolescents, pregnant women, and nursing mothers to consume the product under the guidance of a doctor. In the face of research results such as lycopene reducing the risk of prostate cancer, having anti-inflammatory effects, reducing alcohol damage to the liver, and inhibiting osteoporosis, there is no corresponding function within the 27 health functions of health food products, so no claims can be made.

3.4 Improve the unified supervision system for domestic and foreign health food products

Due to the influence of various factors such as the scope of control and eating habits in different countries, the definitions of nutritional and health products vary from country to country and can be regulated as either ordinary food or medicine. As some dietary supplements are imported as food, the customs do not conduct random checks on the promotional effects of health foods. There are also differences in the regulatory standards for domestic and imported health foods, and there are also certain differences in product promotion [51]. In this regard, it is particularly necessary to establish a unified regulatory system for domestic and imported health foods in terms of efficacy promotion.

4 Summary

This article provides a brief overview of the current situation of lycopene food classification, regulatory requirements, standard construction, and product efficacy claims, clarifying the application of lycopene and playing a more useful role in product promotion. In addition, lycopene will play a more valuable role in various food applications. Further research is needed in the construction of standards, clarification of the efficacy of health foods, and the regulation of dietary supplements.

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