What Are the Benefits of Dandelion of Animal Breeding?

Dandelion (Taraxacum mongolicum Hand.-Mazz.), perennial herb of the Asteraceae family, grows in large numbers in the northern temperate zone, is drought- and cold-resistant, and grows in orchards, meadows, wastelands, gardens, etc. As shown in Figure 1, the dandelion has a very well-developed taproot, which is conical in shape, often curved, and has a strong ability to regenerate. It can grow up to 0.5 m in length. The leaves come in many different shapes, from toothless to serrated, and the complete leaf is lanceolate in shape, with a capitate inflorescence. The flowers are small, bisexual, and bright yellow.

The fruit of the dandelion is a light brown or olive brown achene with a white flocculent mass about 10 mm long, which can be spread by the wind. The dandelion is also an edible plant that is rich in nutrients, so it has the advantage of being a natural feed additive. The active ingredients of dandelion are distributed in different parts. Sesquiterpene lactones are mainly found in the flowers and leaves, and phenolic acids are found in the flowers, leaves and roots of dandelion[1]. Dandelion flowers are reported to contain a large amount of tetraterpene pigments; polysaccharides are present in dandelion roots, leaves and flowers[2], and the polysaccharides in the leaves and flowers have stronger antioxidant properties than those in the roots. Dandelion polyphenols also have antioxidant activity and have a bacteriostatic effect on bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis[3].

In animal husbandry, the indiscriminate use of antibiotics has led to increased drug resistance in pathogenic bacteria, impaired immunity in livestock and poultry, serious environmental pollution, and threats to the reasonable survival of microorganisms[5]. In 2019, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs announced Notice No. 194, which states that starting from July 1, 2020, feed manufacturers will stop producing commercial feed containing growth-promoting drug feed additives (except traditional Chinese medicine) [6]. Dandelion, as a traditional Chinese herb, has been studied as an ideal feed additive for livestock production because of its non-residue effect and ability to promote the functioning of the gastrointestinal microbial system.

1 Application of dandelion in animal production

1. 1 Effect of dandelion on disease resistance and growth performance of pigs

Adding dandelion to the conventional feed of weaned piglets can improve their growth performance and reduce their incidence of disease[7] . Although the addition of dandelion root extract to the feed did not affect the growth performance of weaned piglets, it significantly reduced the frequency of diarrhea. The concentration of propionic acid and butyric acid in the feces was significantly increased, and the immune function was improved[8]. Li Ning et al. [9] fed weaned piglets a diet containing astragalus-dandelion extract and sodium butyrate, and a diet containing antibiotics. Compared with the conventional diet group and the test group supplemented with antibiotics, the growth performance and immune function of the test group supplemented with astragalus-dandelion extract and sodium butyrate significantly improved the growth performance and immune capacity of the test group, which can be used in production to replace the use of antibiotics. Duan Mingfang et al. [10] added 0.3% dandelion to the diet of growing pigs and found that dandelion can promote the conversion of nutrients and increase the content of immune factors.

Common pathogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus suis can be inhibited by dandelion extract [11], and the minimum inhibitory concentration of dandelion against Streptococcus suis is 9.3 g/L. Dandelion can inhibit Haemophilus parasuis at a concentration of more than 3.90 g/L, and has a lethal effect on the bacteria at a concentration of more than 7.81 g/L[12] . Wang Chunhua et al. [13] found that the incidence of Streptococcus suis in fattening pigs fed a diet supplemented with sulfamonomethoxine was 17.5%, while the incidence was significantly reduced to 5.0% by adding a dandelion Chinese herbal medicine mixture.

Yu Wenhui et al. [14] found that the main active ingredient that inhibits the growth and reproduction of Streptococcus suis is chlorogenic acid. Bi Hui et al. [15] showed that the effective rate of treating porcine toxoplasmosis with compound dandelion injection was 95%, and the cure rate was 90%. The effect was better and the cost was lower than that of the antibiotic group. In addition, the results of multiple experiments have shown that dandelion has a good inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli in pigs[16-18] and also has a protective effect on liver damage caused by Escherichia coli of pig origin in mice[19].

1.2 Effect of dandelion on immune function and growth performance of chickens

Wang Shuyan et al. [20] added dandelion extracts of different concentrations to the drinking water of three yellow chickens, and the immunity and antibody levels of the chickens against avian influenza were significantly improved. Deng Haitao[21] added 1% dandelion powder to the diet of three-yellow meat chicks and found that dandelion has a certain promoting effect on the growth performance and immune function of three-yellow chicks, which can effectively promote their growth and improve their immune resistance.

Studies have shown that adding an appropriate amount of dandelion powder to the diet of broiler chickens can significantly reduce the concentration of malondialdehyde, and improve growth performance and immune function to varying degrees. The effect is more significant with an increase in the concentration of dandelion[22]. It can also reduce feed consumption, promote intestinal digestive enzyme activity[23] , protect the intestinal mucosa, and enhance immunity[24]. Wang Shen et al. [25] showed that the effect of dandelion polysaccharides on the content of T lymphocytes in peripheral blood is positively correlated with concentration. A dandelion polysaccharide extract at a concentration of 10 g/L has a very significant effect on improving the immune index of broiler chickens. Yang Liang [26] also found that the daily weight gain of broiler chickens, the spleen index, and the level of IgG antibodies in the serum and other indicators can be significantly improved by feeding dandelion water extract.

Herbal extracts containing astragalus polysaccharides and dandelion extracts can significantly increase the protein content of eggs, reduce fat and feed-to-egg ratio, broken egg rate and broken egg rate, diarrhea rate, and cholesterol content is significantly reduced [27]. Dandelion crude extract has a relieving effect on the oxidative stress response of laying hens[28] . A study by Li and Zhao[29] showed that a combination of 0.5% dandelion leaf dry powder and yeast cell wall extract can effectively improve the production performance of laying hens, significantly increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase and the content of several immunoglobulins. Bai Jian et al. found that adding 5.0% seaweed powder + 2.0% dandelion powder[30] or 5.0% dandelion powder + 0.25% astaxanthin[31] to the laying hen diet can significantly improve egg production and immune function, and reduce the feed-to-egg ratio. Balenovi et al.[32] found that dandelion caused a very significant increase in white blood cells, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes in laying hens, and that the 3% addition group was superior to the 1% addition group.

1. 3   Effects of dandelion on immune function and growth performance of fish

Dandelion can also promote growth and enhance immunity in fish. Dandelion can promote the growth of tilapia, improve the intestines, and lower cholesterol[33]. It can significantly increase the activity of protease and amylase in the intestines of crucian carp, improve the meat quality, and significantly increase the growth rate[34]. Wang Hongtao et al. [35] showed that Bacillus subtilis + dandelion extract can significantly improve the conversion rate of carp feed, and the improvement effect is better than that of adding it alone; at the same time, it significantly reduces blood glucose levels. Sirakov et al. [36] added 0.8% dandelion extract to the diet of carp, which significantly reduced plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels.

Zhang et al. [37] found that dandelion polysaccharides and their selenium nanoparticles can induce apoptosis and promote cell death. Further in vivo experiments in zebrafish confirmed the anti-tumor activity of dandelion polysaccharides and their selenium nanoparticles, as well as their inhibitory effects on tumor proliferation and metastasis in zebrafish xenografts and neovascularization in transgenic zebrafish. The addition of dandelion extract to the feed has a beneficial effect on the lipid metabolism of the liver of hybrid grouper, enhances liver function, improves its oxidative capacity, and enhances its ability to resist carbon tetrachloride stress. The optimal dose for hybrid grouper is 0.4% [38]. In production practice, the Chinese herb dandelion can significantly prevent and control fish diseases such as grass carp bacterial gill rot and carp hemorrhagic disease, and is environmentally friendly, without causing water pollution [39].

1.4 The effect of dandelion on mastitis in dairy cows

Studies have shown that the causes of mastitis in dairy cows are diverse. Pathogenic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli are a common cause of mastitis and other diseases in dairy cows in animal husbandry. Due to the higher requirements for dairy products, the use of Chinese herbal medicine to replace antibiotics for treatment has become an inevitable choice. Chinese herbal medicine contains many natural and environmentally friendly active ingredients, such as polysaccharides and flavonoids. It has an effect on humoral immunity and cellular immunity by inhibiting the secretion of inflammatory factors and the number of somatic cells, thereby enhancing immune capacity [40]. Studies have shown that dandelion has a good inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli[41-43] and Staphylococcus aureus[44-45].

It has been found that adding fresh dandelion to the diet of dairy cows can significantly reduce the number of somatic cells, control the condition of sick cows, and prevent inflammation from increasing and the condition from worsening[46]. Adding dandelion to the diet of Holstein cows did not significantly affect blood composition, but increased milk protein and free fatty acid content[47]. Different prescriptions composed of dandelion and other medicines can treat dairy cows with hidden mastitis, restore udder function, and increase daily milk production[48]. Zhang et al. [49] found that treating sick cows with a compound Chinese herbal medicine made from dandelion and other herbs can significantly improve the vitality of neutrophils and lymphocytes and increase the cure rate of hidden mastitis. Dandelion can promote rumen fermentation by increasing the abundance of rumen Firmicutes bacteria and rumen metabolic pathways[50] , which helps to promote the application of dandelion as a potential functional feed additive for lactating dairy cows.

2 Research on the mechanism of dandelion promoting animal immune function

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin, can affect animal health and productivity. Studies have shown that treating mice with dandelion to induce acute lung injury (ALI) can significantly reduce the number of inflammatory cells and lower the levels of P-PI3K, P-Akt and P-mTOR protein levels; dandelion can reduce the pathological inflammation of lung tissue and pulmonary and alveolar bleeding during ALI, and the total number of white blood cells and neutrophils decreases, which has a protective effect on mice [51]. A crude extract of the whole dandelion plant significantly increased the content of immunoglobulins IgA, IgG, and IgM, as well as interleukins (IL-6 and IL-10), effectively enhancing immunity [52].

Nan et al. [53] showed that organic acids, which are the main components of dandelion, contribute to its anti-inflammatory and antiviral activity. Dandelion-organic acids can reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells and are beneficial for acute inflammatory damage to the trachea. This regulation may be related to the down-regulation of LPS-induced Toll-like receptor 4 overexpression. Zhu Zhengwang et al. [54] found that dandelion total flavonoids can improve the traditional liver function indicators of carbon tetrachloride-induced liver damage in rats, such as arginase-1 (Arginase-1, Arg1), alpha-glutathione-S-transferase (alpha-glutathione-S-transferase, alpha-GST), purine nucleoside phosphorlyase (PNP), etc. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH) can effectively prevent and reduce oxidative stress damage in the liver. Song Baohui et al. [55] used dandelion to treat immunocompromised mice and found that dandelion decoction could significantly increase the number of plaque forming cells (PFC) and surface membrane immunoglobulin (SmIg) in mice. Dandelion polysaccharide extract cannot increase the number of PFC and SmIg in mice, but its combined effect with dandelion water extract can enhance cellular immune effects and the body's ability to fight infection.

3 Research on the application of dandelion in other areas

Choi et al. [56] showed that dandelion has a hypoglycemic effect. Treating mice with a mixture of dandelion and balm mint in combination with metformin to reduce body weight gain induced by a high-fat diet can reduce body fat deposition and glucose. Tang Jian'an et al. [57] found that dandelion can be used to treat spleen and stomach diseases, and has a positive bidirectional regulatory effect on the gastrointestinal motility of piglets and stabilizes the balance of the internal environment of the digestive tract. Li Ling et al. [58] confirmed in their research that dandelion causes enhanced contraction of the rabbit duodenal smooth muscle, which may have a certain promoting effect on its consumption of large amounts of grass as a monogastric animal. Choi et al. [59] showed that feeding a certain proportion of dandelion root and leaf extract can effectively promote the endogenous antioxidant capacity of rabbits and relieve the oxidative stress caused by a high cholesterol diet. Adding dandelion root and leaf dry powder can significantly increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the plasma of male rabbits and improve the composition ratio of lipids, thereby improving atherosclerosis caused by oxidative stress.

4 Summary and outlook

Dandelion is a high-quality medicinal plant with edible properties. As a medicinal plant, it is used to treat a variety of diseases because of its wide distribution, abundance, and few side effects, such as fever, upper respiratory tract infections, pneumonia, and other diseases. Adding dandelion preparations to animal feed has a positive effect on the growth performance of animals, promotes the growth of immune organs to reduce the incidence of disease, and effectively treats certain diseases, such as mastitis in dairy cows and animal tumors, to meet the requirements of sustainable development of the animal husbandry industry.

At present, although there is a large amount of research on the effects of dandelion on livestock and poultry, the scope of the research still has certain limitations. The research mainly focuses on the growth performance and meat quality of animals such as pigs, chickens, dairy cows and fish, and there is less research on the mechanism of action. More in-depth research is needed in the future.

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